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    Neuroscientific evidence from studies of apparent motion ... — Carmelics
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    Supports→The Extensional model of the specious present is inadequate because it rests on an inadequate conception of the temporal microstructure of consciousness.

    Neuroscientific evidence from studies of apparent motion (e.g., Kolers and von Grünau) demonstrates that the brain retroactively constructs temporal order, which presupposes a holistic temporal window irreducible to summed momentary states.

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    Key Terms

    Apparent motion(as used in neuroscience and perception studies)
    When your brain perceives something as moving even though it's actually a series of still images or separate moments shown quickly in sequence (like how movies work).
    Holistic temporal window(as used in philosophy of time and consciousness)
    A complete chunk of time that the brain treats as one whole unit, rather than as separate individual moments strung together.
    Irreducible to summed momentary states(as used in philosophy of mind and metaphysics)
    Cannot be fully explained by just adding up what happens in each individual moment—the whole is genuinely different from its parts.
    Kolers and von Grünau(as referenced researchers in vision science)
    Two neuroscientists who conducted famous experiments in the 1970s-80s studying how the brain perceives motion and time.

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    Neuroscientific evidence(as used in cognitive science and philosophy of mind)
    Information gathered from studying how the brain works, using tools like brain imaging or experiments that measure brain activity.
    Retroactively constructs(as used in philosophy of perception)
    The brain builds or pieces together something after the fact, rather than experiencing it as it happens—like editing a memory after you've lived through it.
    temporal order(as used in philosophy of time and perception)
    The sequence in which things happen in time—which event comes first, second, and so on.

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    Consciousness & Mind1 linkedPerception1 linked

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    The Extensional model of the specious present is inadequate because it rests on ...

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