Nicholas Sturgeon's response demonstrates that moral facts like 'Hitler was evil' do explanatory work that cannot be fully captured by purely descriptive psychological or sociological substitutes.

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Explanatory work(what a theory accomplishes in helping us understand the world): The job that something does in explaining or accounting for why things are the way they are—the actual work of making sense of phenomena.
Moral facts: Facts about goodness, reasons, and obligations; normative facts about what matters.
Nicholas Sturgeon(as the philosopher being referenced): A contemporary American philosopher who specializes in moral realism and argues that facts about morality are real and can explain events in the world, similar to how scientific facts explain natural phenomena.
Psychological substitutes(as a weak alternative explanation Sturgeon rejects): Explanations based only on what people feel, think, or believe in their minds, rather than on objective facts about right and wrong.
Sociological substitutes

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