- Apollonian(as the force Nietzsche associates with wishful thinking)
- In Nietzsche's philosophy, the side of human nature that represents reason, order, logic, and the desire to impose structure and meaning on the world.
- Dionysian(as the underlying reality beneath surface appearances)
- In Nietzsche's philosophy, the side of human nature that represents instinct, chaos, emotion, ecstasy, and raw creative energy without needing rational justification.
- Nietzsche
- Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher who challenged traditional Western values and argued that people should create their own meaning in life rather than blindly following religion or societal rules. He's famous for ideas like "God is dead" (meaning traditional religion no longer guides modern society) and the concept of the "Übermensch"—an ideal person who overcomes limitations and creates their own values. His work profoundly influenced modern philosophy, psychology, and culture, though his ideas were sometimes misused by others to justify harmful ideologies.
- The Birth of Tragedy(as Nietzsche's earlier work that supposedly offered a solution)
- Nietzsche's first major book (1872) where he argues that Greek drama was born from a blend of rational and instinctual forces, and that this same blend could revive modern culture.
- Winckelmann(as a historical figure whose approach to art criticism is being critiqued)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann was an 18th-century German art historian who greatly influenced how people understood and valued Greek art, often treating Greek standards as the highest measure of artistic achievement.
- Wishful thinking(in epistemology, contrasting with justified belief)
- Believing something is true simply because you want it to be true, regardless of whether you have actual evidence or reasons for believing it.
- noble simplicity and quiet grandeur(Winckelmann's aesthetic framework for evaluating classical Greek art)
- A characteristic quality of the classical Greek soul that manifests in Greek art, capable of elevating even depictions of extreme suffering to the highest level of beauty.