No matter how fine-grained the model state space is made, many different ontological states of the target system will map into the same epistemic state of the model

Of course, we do not have perfect models. But even if we did, they are unlikely to live up to our intuitions about them (Judd and Smith 2001; Judd and Smith 2004). For example, no matter how many observations of a system are made, there still will be a set of trajectories in the model state space that are indistinguishable from the actual trajectory of the target system. Indeed, even for infinite past observations, we cannot eliminate the uncertainty in the epistemic states given some unknown on