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    It is not the case that Non-distinct sustaining causes, by definition, lack the contrastive specificity needed to explain why one individual develops disease while another does not.

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    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
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    • 1.Non-distinct sustaining causes can still explain disease via probabilistic mechanisms: shared causes with differing threshold sensitivities explain outcome variation.
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    • 2.Individual-level explanation and population-level causal identification serve different purposes; non-distinct causes succeed at the latter even if limited for former.
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    • 3.The claim conflates explanatory completeness with explanatory relevance: non-distinct causes explain disease occurrence even if they don't explain case-specific differences.
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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
    ?
    • 1.Explanation requires differential causation: stating what causes disease generally cannot distinguish why person A got sick but person B did not.
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    • 2.Non-distinct causes (e.g., 'exposure to pathogen') apply equally to both diseased and non-diseased individuals, making them explanatorily incomplete.
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    • 3.Contrastive specificity—identifying differentiating factors—is logically necessary to answer 'why this case, not that one?' type questions.
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