Norman Daniels and Frances Kamm both argue that 'benefit' in allocation must include improvements to a person's condition relative to their baseline, not merely restoration to species-typical functioning.

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Allocation(refers to how health systems decide who gets treatment): The process of deciding how to distribute limited resources (like healthcare, money, or medicine) among people who need them.
Frances Kamm(mentioned as another major thinker on allocation problems): A prominent philosopher who writes about ethics and how to make fair decisions when you can't help everyone—especially relevant to healthcare choices.
Norman Daniels(mentioned as an authority on health justice): A contemporary philosopher who studies fairness in healthcare and how to distribute medical resources justly across different stages of someone's life.
Species-typical functioning(as Daniels's definition of what health care should aim to restore): The ability to do the things that are normal or expected for human beings—like walking, thinking, working, and socializing—without major physical or mental limitations.

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