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    Norman Kretzmann's own analysis, when extended by Brian L... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Omniscience is incompatible with immutability.

    Norman Kretzmann's own analysis, when extended by Brian Leftow, shows that an eternal God knows all events 'at once' in eternity, making temporal indexicals inapplicable to divine cognition rather than evidence of divine ignorance.

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    Key Terms

    Brian Leftow(as a philosopher who extended Kretzmann's work)
    A contemporary philosopher who built on Kretzmann's ideas to further explain how God experiences time differently than humans do.
    Divine cognition(Chatton's threefold characterization of how God cognizes)
    A mode of awareness that is (1) non-judgmental and non-voluntaristic, (2) not necessarily of determinate existents, and (3) complete, non-discursive, and direct
    Divine ignorance(as what the analysis argues against)
    The idea that God might not know something or might lack knowledge about certain events—which the argument is saying is NOT the case.
    Eternal God(as the subject of the analysis about divine knowledge)
    The theological concept that God exists outside of time entirely, not moving from past to future like humans do, but experiencing all moments simultaneously.

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    Norman Kretzmann(as a philosopher referenced for his analysis of divine knowledge)
    A medieval philosophy scholar who wrote extensively about how God's knowledge works, particularly focusing on the puzzle of how an all-knowing God can exist outside of time.
    Temporal indexicals(as concepts that wouldn't apply to a timeless God)
    Words and phrases that depend on when you say them to have meaning, like 'now,' 'today,' 'yesterday,' or 'in the future'—things that only make sense from within time.

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    Omniscience is incompatible with immutability.

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