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    Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika epistemology holds that valid cognition r... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→God is omniscient

    Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika epistemology holds that valid cognition requires a causal contact between knower and known object.

    ?Rate how convincing each reason is below to see the overall strength.
    1 reason for
    1 reason against

    Reasons For

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    Reason for
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    • 1.Perception requires physical interaction: light rays from objects enter eyes, sound waves reach ears, establishing necessary causal chains for knowledge.
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    • 2.Without causal contact, we cannot distinguish genuine knowledge from hallucinations, dreams, or false beliefs about non-existent objects.
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    • 3.Causal contact grounds objectivity: knowledge reflects actual world features rather than purely subjective mental constructions independent of reality.
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    Reasons Against

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    Reason against
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    • 1.Mathematical and logical truths appear valid without causal contact—we know '2+2=4' without the numbers causally affecting our minds.
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    • 2.Introspective knowledge of our own mental states seems epistemically valid yet lacks clear causal contact between knower and known object.
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    • 3.The requirement itself is unprovable: demonstrating that all valid cognition requires causal contact would require stepping outside the framework.
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    Related

    Causal contact grounds objectivity: knowledge reflects actual world features rat...God is omniscientIntrospective knowledge of our own mental states seems epistemically valid yet l...Mathematical and logical truths appear valid without causal contact—we know '2+2...
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    Perception requires physical interaction: light rays from objects enter eyes, so...The requirement itself is unprovable: demonstrating that all valid cognition req...Without causal contact, we cannot distinguish genuine knowledge from hallucinati...

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