Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika realists such as Uddyotakara explicitly argued that universal properties (sāmānya) inhere in substances as real, mind-independent features, providing a historically grounded alternative ontology.
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Qualities that many different things share—like 'redness' that belongs to both apples and fire trucks, rather than being unique to just one object.
mind-independent(Used to classify objects such as tables and chairs.)
An object is mind-independent if its existence does not, by its very nature, depend on being the object or content of mental states, i.e., it could survive the annihilation of all thinking things.
substances(Used to distinguish the category of substance from that of property in ontology.)
Individual objects; the entities that properties are predicated of.