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    Peirce's original type-token distinction was grounded in ... — Carmelics
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    Supports→The cookie cutter model of types — the idea that a type is a perceptible pattern that all tokens resemble — does not work

    Peirce's original type-token distinction was grounded in abstract law-like relations, not perceptual resemblance, making the cookie cutter model a misreading of the framework's own foundation.

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    Key Terms

    Abstract law-like relations(as what Peirce's distinction was supposedly grounded in)
    Rules or patterns that exist in the realm of ideas and logic rather than just what we can see or touch—like the rules that govern how musical notes relate to each other.
    Peirce
    # Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an American philosopher and logician who developed influential ideas about how we understand meaning and truth. He is best known for creating pragmatism, a way of thinking that judges ideas by their practical effects rather than abstract theory, and for developing semiotics, the study of signs and how things carry meaning. His work remains important today in philosophy, logic, and even in computer science and linguistics.
    Perceptual resemblance(as an alternative (and incorrect) explanation for the type-token distinction)
    The idea that things are similar because they look alike or seem similar to our senses, based on how they appear rather than on abstract rules.
    cookie cutter model(Rejected by the author on grounds that tokens of the same type often share no common perceptible properties)

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    The view that a linguistic type is a perceptible pattern that all its tokens resemble or instantiate, such that resemblance to the pattern is what makes something a token of that type
    framework(Carnap's philosophy of language and logic)
    A structured system of rules or language that must be in place for rational discourse to be possible.
    type-token distinction(Applied to art ontology to distinguish between a work of art as an abstract repeatable entity (type) and its particular concrete instances or performances (tokens))
    A distinction between a general kind or pattern (the type) and particular instances of that kind (tokens), originating with Charles Sanders Peirce

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    The cookie cutter model of types — the idea that a type is a perceptible pattern...

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