Peter Conrad's sociology of medicalization and Wakefield's harmful dysfunction analysis both show that scientific disease attribution without intuitive harm criteria produces demonstrably false positives.

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False Positives(Assumed to have a small rate (Prob(S | not-T) = 0.05) in the analysis): Theories that are successful but false
Harm criteria(the missing element in scientific disease classification): The standard used to decide whether something actually damages a person's wellbeing or life quality—a test for whether something is genuinely harmful.
Harmful dysfunction analysis(the framework Wakefield uses to define disease): Wakefield's theory that something should only be called a disorder if it shows both a broken biological system AND causes real damage to someone's life.
Jerome Wakefield(referenced for his 'harmful dysfunction' theory): A psychiatrist and philosopher who created a famous definition of mental disorders based on the idea that a true disorder must involve both a broken biological function AND actual harm to the person.

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