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    Peter van Inwagen and Michael Rea acknowledge that consti... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The three Persons of the Trinity are numerically the same without being identical

    Peter van Inwagen and Michael Rea acknowledge that constitution-based Trinitarian models require abandoning standard predicate logic, making the solution more costly than the problem it purports to solve.

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    Key Terms

    Constitution-based Trinitarian models(as the specific theological/philosophical approach being discussed)
    Philosophical theories trying to explain the Christian Trinity (God as three persons in one) by saying the three persons are 'constituted by' or 'made up of' the one God, similar to how a statue might be made of bronze.
    Michael Rea(as a major philosopher being cited)
    A contemporary American philosopher who specializes in metaphysics and philosophy of religion, often exploring questions about how things are made up or composed.
    Peter van Inwagen(as a philosopher whose ideas are discussed)
    A contemporary American philosopher who specializes in metaphysics (the study of what exists and how things are fundamentally structured).
    Standard predicate logic(as the logical system that these models supposedly violate)
    The basic rules of logical reasoning used in math and philosophy that follow common-sense patterns—like 'if something is A, it cannot be not-A at the same time.'

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    The Trinity(as used in theology)
    In Christianity, the belief that God exists as three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) while being one God.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    The three Persons of the Trinity are numerically the same without being identica...

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