Post-Kuhnian philosophers like Imre Lakatos reconceptualized scientific development through competing research programmes, which explicitly allows for rivalry between well-confirmed, universal theories.

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Imre Lakatos(as used in history of philosophy): A 20th-century philosopher of science who argued that science advances through competing groups of related theories (called research programmes) rather than single revolutionary breakthroughs.
Post-Kuhnian(as used in philosophy of science): Coming after Thomas Kuhn's ideas about how science works; refers to philosophers who built on or reacted to Kuhn's theories about scientific progress.
Reconceptualized(as used in this statement): Thought about something in a completely new or different way; reimagined how we should understand it.
Research programmes(as used in philosophy of science): A group of related scientific theories and experiments that scientists work on together over time, with a core idea surrounded by supporting ideas that can be adjusted.

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