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    Preemption cases (Schaffer's 'trumping': two wizards cast... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Causation is the ancestral of counterfactual dependence

    Preemption cases (Schaffer's 'trumping': two wizards cast spells, only the senior wizard's spell takes effect) show causation without any counterfactual dependence between cause and effect.

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    Key Terms

    Preemption cases(in causality and philosophy of science)
    Thought experiments where two potential causes exist, but one prevents the other from actually doing anything—like two archers aiming at a target, but the first arrow hits before the second one can.
    Schaffer, Jonathan(as a reference to a specific philosopher's work)
    A contemporary philosopher who studies causation and developed the 'trumping' example to challenge how we think about what counts as a cause.
    causation(Lewis's counterfactual theory of causation)
    Event C causes event E if and only if there exists a chain C, D1, …, Dn, E such that each member (except C) is counterfactually dependent on the preceding event; causation is the ancestral of counterfactual dependence
    counterfactual dependence(Lewis's 1973 analysis of causation)
    Event B is counterfactually dependent on event A if and only if the counterfactual 'Had A not occurred, B would not have occurred' is true

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    trumping(Used alongside late preemption to challenge counterfactual theories of causation)
    A causal scenario in which one cause (the major's command) preempts another (the sergeant's command) not by cutting off the backup but by taking priority, with the backup cause also having some counterfactual influence on the effect

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    Causation is the ancestral of counterfactual dependence

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