Psychological harms that arise only in certain social contexts are attributable to those social conditions, not to the biological facts themselves.

Furthermore, some argue that any psychological harm that does arise is likely socially constructed. As evidence, they point to studies showing that individuals who are unaware that they were donor-conceived do no worse than their peers when it comes to psychological wellbeing (Melo-Martín 2014; Haslanger 2009). Consequently, they argue that any psychological harms experienced by donor-conceived individuals arise in virtue of the social importance placed on biological ties rather than any ‘necess