Purely metaphysical conceptions of God, such as Spinoza's Deus sive Natura or Tillich's 'Ground of Being,' still generate evaluative problems when creation contains suffering disproportionate to any coherent metaphysical principle.
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Baruch Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher who argued that God and nature are the same thing, and that everything in the universe is interconnected as one unified whole. He believed that understanding how things work through reason and logic—rather than through emotion or superstition—leads to happiness and freedom. His ideas were revolutionary for his time and continue to influence modern philosophy, theology, and how we think about the relationship between mind and body.
Tillich(as an example philosopher with a particular view of God)
A 20th-century German-American theologian (Paul Tillich) who thought of God not as a person but as the fundamental basis or foundation underlying all existence.
metaphysical(Ayer's Logical Positivist usage)
Language that purports to refer beyond the physical world and lacks empirical consequences, which Ayer classifies as not literally significant
the problem of evil(Contemporary philosophical terminology)
The family of issues raised by the question of why pain, moral wickedness, and varieties of imperfection exist if a perfectly good and all-powerful God alone created everything in the universe.