- Formal consistency(what the argument contrasts with explanatory success)
- Whether a system of logic or mathematics follows its own rules without contradiction—if the rules don't contradict each other, the system is consistent.
- Model (in logic)(in formal logic and semantics)
- An imaginary scenario or description of a possible world where certain statements are true or false—used to test whether logical arguments work.
- Putnam, Hilary(as a philosopher cited for natural kind essentialism)
- A 20th-century philosopher who developed the idea that the meaning of words like 'water' depends on what water actually is in nature, not just on how it appears to us.
- intended reference(What the argument says consistency alone cannot determine)
- What a word is actually supposed to point to or mean in the real world—the thing you have in mind when you use a word.
- model-theoretic argument(Philosophy of language; challenge to theories that determine reference via truth-maximization)
- An argument, advanced by Hilary Putnam, showing that there exist many different assignments of reference to subsentential expressions of a language that make all utterances of that language true, thereby underdetermining reference.
- polynomial-time computable(Used as an example of a phrase that might refer to different things in different models)
- A mathematical term describing problems that a computer can solve relatively quickly (within a reasonable amount of time that increases predictably as the problem gets bigger).
- standard model(Contrasted with non-standard models that also satisfy the theory's axioms)
- The intended interpretation of an arithmetical theory, namely the structure of the natural numbers.