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    Quine's criterion demands that to be is to be the value o... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Not all properties and relations entail existence, so non-existent objects can still exemplify certain properties.

    Quine's criterion demands that to be is to be the value of a bound variable: admitting non-existents as property-exemplifiers smuggles ontological commitment through the back door.

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    Key Terms

    Bound variable(as used in formal logic)
    In logic and mathematics, a variable whose value is restricted or limited by a surrounding rule or statement—think of it like a placeholder in a formula that's been pinned down by the context around it.
    Quine(as a proper name referring to the philosopher whose theory is being discussed)
    Willard Van Orman Quine was a 20th-century American philosopher who wrote about how we know things and how language works. In this statement, we're discussing one of his specific ideas about observation.
    non-existents(what Russell's analysis deals with)
    Things that don't actually exist, like the Easter Bunny or the king of France (if there is no king of France).
    ontological commitment(Used to derive that literal truth of 'a is F' entails existence of a)
    The criterion by which acceptance of a sentence as literally true commits one to the existence of the objects referred to by singular terms in that sentence, provided the sentence cannot be paraphrased away.

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    property-exemplifiers(describing what role non-existent things are given in the philosophical discussion)
    Things that have or display qualities and characteristics. For example, a red apple is a property-exemplifier because it has the property of being red.
    smuggles in through the back door(describing how accepting non-existent things sneakily commits you to believing they're real)
    A metaphorical phrase meaning to introduce something secretly or indirectly, without openly admitting you're doing it.

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    2 topics

    Modality & Possibility1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    Not all properties and relations entail existence, so non-existent objects can s...

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