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    Quine's criterion of ontological commitment holds that to... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→There are two distinct modes of predication: exemplification and encoding.

    Quine's criterion of ontological commitment holds that to be is to be the value of a bound variable, leaving no coherent ontological role for 'encoding' distinct from exemplification.

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    Key Terms

    Bound variable(as used in formal logic)
    In logic and mathematics, a variable whose value is restricted or limited by a surrounding rule or statement—think of it like a placeholder in a formula that's been pinned down by the context around it.
    Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake)
    The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
    Quine(as a proper name referring to the philosopher whose theory is being discussed)
    Willard Van Orman Quine was a 20th-century American philosopher who wrote about how we know things and how language works. In this statement, we're discussing one of his specific ideas about observation.
    Value of a bound variable(as the definition of existence in Quine's view)
    The actual things or objects that a bound variable refers to; for example, if we say 'something is red,' the things that 'something' could stand for are the values.

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    encoding(Contrasted with exemplification; characterized as 'internal' predication. E.g., the winged horse encodes the property winged without exemplifying it.)
    The mode of predication attributed to non-existent objects, by which such objects bear a property without instantiating it in the ordinary sense.
    exemplification(Lowe's four-category ontology)
    The relation by which an object possesses an attribute, either occurrently (via an instantiated mode) or dispositionally (via the kind the object instantiates).
    ontological commitment(Used to derive that literal truth of 'a is F' entails existence of a)
    The criterion by which acceptance of a sentence as literally true commits one to the existence of the objects referred to by singular terms in that sentence, provided the sentence cannot be paraphrased away.

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    2 topics

    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    There are two distinct modes of predication: exemplification and encoding.

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