Quine's criterion of ontological commitment holds that to be is to be the value of a bound variable, leaving no coherent ontological role for 'encoding' distinct from exemplification.
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encoding(Contrasted with exemplification; characterized as 'internal' predication. E.g., the winged horse encodes the property winged without exemplifying it.)
The mode of predication attributed to non-existent objects, by which such objects bear a property without instantiating it in the ordinary sense.
exemplification(Lowe's four-category ontology)
The relation by which an object possesses an attribute, either occurrently (via an instantiated mode) or dispositionally (via the kind the object instantiates).
ontological commitment(Used to derive that literal truth of 'a is F' entails existence of a)
The criterion by which acceptance of a sentence as literally true commits one to the existence of the objects referred to by singular terms in that sentence, provided the sentence cannot be paraphrased away.