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    Rationalist philosophers including Descartes and Leibniz ... — Carmelics
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    Supports→Hume's inductive justification for the Copy Principle is exceedingly weak

    Rationalist philosophers including Descartes and Leibniz documented innate ideas and a priori concepts that resist reduction to sensory impressions, constituting independent counterevidence.

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    Key Terms

    Counterevidence(as proof against a competing idea)
    Facts or examples that argue against a claim or theory, showing it might not be completely true.
    Descartes
    # Descartes René Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s who fundamentally changed how people think about knowledge and the mind. He's famous for the idea "I think, therefore I am" (cogito ergo sum), which means that the very fact that you can think proves you exist—a foundation for modern philosophy. He also invented the coordinate system used in mathematics (the x and y axes on a graph), which connects geometry and algebra in practical ways we still use today.
    Leibniz
    Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
    Rationalist philosophers

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    (as a philosophical school of thought)
    Thinkers who believed that human reason and logic are the most reliable ways to discover truth, rather than relying mainly on what we learn through our five senses.
    a priori concepts(A93–94/B126)
    Concepts that serve as conditions of the possibility of experience, applying either to the intuition encountered in experience or to the thinking involved in experience.
    innate ideas(Leibniz's rationalist account of the source of necessary knowledge)
    Ideas and principles present in the mind prior to and independent of sensory experience, enabling grasp of necessary truths.
    reduction (in philosophy)(used in this statement about whether one question can be reduced to another)
    A claim that something complex can be completely explained or replaced by something simpler—the idea that one thing really just boils down to another.
    sensory impressions(the source material that ideas are supposedly copied from)
    The raw, direct experiences you have through your five senses—like the redness you see when looking at an apple or the heat you feel from a fire.

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    Hume's inductive justification for the Copy Principle is exceedingly weak

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