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    Rejecting sufficiency as the criterion of causation does ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Causes should not be understood as sufficient conditions for their effects.

    Rejecting sufficiency as the criterion of causation does not establish Anscombe's conclusion, since structured counterfactual dependence preserves robust causal necessity without relying on probabilistic looseness.

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    Key Terms

    Anscombe(the author being discussed)
    Elizabeth Anscombe was a 20th-century philosopher who wrote influential work on intention, meaning, and knowledge. She argued that we can know what we're doing without observing ourselves.
    Probabilistic looseness(what philosophers want to avoid when explaining real causation)
    The vagueness or uncertainty that comes from defining causes only through probability (like saying 'this increases the chance of that') rather than definite necessity.
    Structured counterfactual dependence(a more sophisticated approach to understanding causation)
    A refined version of counterfactual thinking that pays attention to the pattern or framework of how causes and effects connect, not just whether one depends on the other.
    Sufficiency (as criterion of causation)(describes one way philosophers try to define what makes something a 'real' cause)
    The idea that if event A is enough by itself to make event B happen, then A is the cause of B—without needing anything else.

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    causal necessity(Hume's account in EHU 7.2.28–29; 8.1.5)
    The constant conjunction of similar objects together with a customary inference of the mind from one to the other; the feeling of necessary connection is a product of the imagination, not an objective force in the world.
    counterfactual dependence(Lewis's 1973 analysis of causation)
    Event B is counterfactually dependent on event A if and only if the counterfactual 'Had A not occurred, B would not have occurred' is true

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    Causes should not be understood as sufficient conditions for their effects.

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