Ross's prima facie duties are self-evident in the sense of Aristotle's nous: grasped immediately by trained moral perception, yet still illuminated by dialectical argument in the Nicomachean Ethics.

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Aristotle: Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived over 2,000 years ago and is one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He studied nearly every subject—from animals and plants to politics and ethics—and developed practical ways of thinking that shaped how people understand the world. His ideas on logic, nature, and how to live a good life are still taught and debated today because he focused on observing the real world rather than just abstract theories.
Moral perception(as what art cultivates in us): The ability to recognize and understand what's right or wrong, good or bad in a situation—not just as an abstract rule, but as something you genuinely sense and feel.
Nicomachean Ethics(as an ancient ethical text): Aristotle's main book about how to live well and what makes a good person, organized around virtues like courage and honesty.
Ross(as referenced in ethics): W.D. Ross, a 20th-century philosopher who argued that we have multiple moral duties (like honesty and keeping promises) that sometimes conflict, and we must figure out which is strongest in each situation.

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