Ross's prima facie duties demonstrate that secondary principles generate genuine moral residue when overridden, which a purely instrumental utilitarian justification cannot explain.

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Instrumental justification(as used in ethics): Justifying something based on whether it achieves a useful goal or outcome, rather than on principles about right and wrong.
Ross, W.D.(in ethics): A 20th-century British philosopher who argued that moral rules (like 'don't lie') aren't absolute—sometimes circumstances create exceptions—but exceptions can't be made arbitrarily.
moral residue(argument from moral residue in debates about moral dilemmas): Emotional or doxastic responses following a moral conflict, including guilt, remorse, and the belief that one ought to apologize or compensate persons negatively impacted by an unsatisfied obligation
prima facie duties(W.D. Ross's moral framework): Obligations that hold unless overridden by other conflicting obligations in particular circumstances

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