Rudolf Carnap explicitly distinguished between logical probability grounded in meaning postulates and empirical inductive support, making the 'hidden premise' charge a category error.

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Category error(as used in logic and philosophy of language): A logical mistake where you apply a rule or concept to something it doesn't actually fit, like using a math formula on a poem.
Hidden premise(in argument structure): An assumption that an argument relies on but doesn't state out loud, leaving it invisible to the reader.
Rudolf Carnap(as a philosopher of language and logic): A 20th-century German-American philosopher who thought the best way to understand scientific language was to translate it into a basic, logical framework.
empirical inductive support(as the second type of probability Carnap distinguished): Evidence based on real-world observations and experiments that makes a statement more believable. 'Inductive' means drawing conclusions from specific examples to general rules.

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