Ruth Chang's work on 'on a par' relations demonstrates that value comparisons can be neither equal, greater, nor lesser, making aggregation into a single number formally incomplete.

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Aggregation into a single number(as what the statement says is impossible with 'on a par' relations): The process of combining multiple different qualities or values into one overall score or ranking—like averaging different test scores into a single grade.
Formally incomplete(describing a logical argument that isn't fully valid): A logical argument or proof that doesn't actually prove what it claims to prove—it's missing steps or valid reasoning to get from the starting point to the conclusion.
Ruth Chang(as the philosopher proposing the concept discussed): A contemporary philosopher who studies how we make decisions and comparisons between things, particularly when it's unclear which option is better.
on a par(Chang's terminology for the parity relation): The relational status of two options A and B when parity holds: they are comparable but not ordered by the standard three relations

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