Schiffer's 'language-created' entities and Ryle's category-mistake arguments show apparent reference to propositions may reflect logical grammar confusion rather than genuine ontological commitment.
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(Used to derive that literal truth of 'a is F' entails existence of a)
The criterion by which acceptance of a sentence as literally true commits one to the existence of the objects referred to by singular terms in that sentence, provided the sentence cannot be paraphrased away.
propositions(Answer to the question of what metaphysical category propositions belong to)
Entities belonging to a sui generis metaphysical category of their own kind, not reducible to other categories
reference(Distinguished from intension in the context of possible worlds semantics)
The actual-world referent of an expression; what the expression picks out in the actual world.