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Inverse View
It is not the case that Secondary principles like justice carry independent moral weight that agents recognize prior to and apart from any utility calculation.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
What appears to be pre-utilitarian moral recognition may reflect internalized consequences learned through socialization and evolution.
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2.
Justice principles themselves derive legitimacy from their tendency to promote well-being; their apparent independence obscures this foundation.
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3.
No clear evidence shows agents truly recognize justice-weight apart from considerations of outcomes, preferences, or social coordination benefits.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Moral intuitions about fairness and rights persist across cultures independent of consequentialist reasoning or utility calculations.
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2.
Children recognize justice violations before developing capacity for complex utility comparisons or consequentialist thought.
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3.
Utilitarianism cannot adequately explain why violating one innocent person's rights remains wrong even if net utility increases.
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