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    Self-grounding or necessary beings face their own logical... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→An ungrounded causal chain explains nothing, so a world with no first moment would render the existence of any present event inexplicable.

    Self-grounding or necessary beings face their own logical problems (how can something cause itself?). An eternal causal series avoids these paradoxes while remaining explanatorily complete.

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    Key Terms

    Eternal causal series(as used in arguments about the origin of the universe)
    An endless chain of causes stretching backward forever, with no beginning or first cause.
    Explanatorily complete(as used in philosophy of explanation)
    Fully able to explain everything that needs explaining—nothing is left unexplained or mysterious.
    Logical paradox(as problems that can be dissolved rather than resolved)
    A statement or situation that seems to contradict itself or break the rules of logic, like 'this sentence is false.'
    causal series(Avicenna's metaphysics of causation)
    A structured sequence defined by three types of elements, each with its own property (ḫāṣṣiyya): a first term (absolute cause), middle terms (simultaneously cause and effect), and a final term (pure effect)

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    necessary being(Theistic metaphysics)
    A being that exists and is God in every possible world
    self-grounding(metaphysics and ontology)
    Something that explains or justifies itself without needing anything external—like a foundation that doesn't need to rest on anything beneath it.

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    An ungrounded causal chain explains nothing, so a world with no first moment wou...

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    An ungrounded causal chain explains nothing, so a world with no first moment wou...

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