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    Shapiro's full semantics treats second-order quantifiers ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The semantics of second-order logic depend on the metatheory with respect to the Axiom of Choice.

    Shapiro's full semantics treats second-order quantifiers as ranging over the actual power set of the domain, so metatheoretic AC-independence reflects set-theoretic indeterminacy, not semantic ambiguity in the logic itself.

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    Key Terms

    AC-independence(what Shapiro's framework does regarding the Axiom of Choice)
    A situation where something remains true or works the same way whether or not the Axiom of Choice (a basic rule in set theory) is assumed to be true.
    Axiom of Choice(Foundations of mathematics; arises in second-order logic as the statement that every total binary relation has a choice function)
    Given a set A of non-empty pairwise disjoint sets, there exists a set B containing exactly one element from each set in A. When A is infinite, forming B requires making infinitely many simultaneous choices.
    Second-order quantifiers(in formal logic)
    Logical symbols that let you talk about groups or properties themselves, not just individual things—it's a more powerful (but complex) way of expressing ideas compared to first-order logic.
    Semantic ambiguity(what Shapiro argues is NOT happening in the logic itself)
    When words or statements have multiple possible meanings because of how the language is structured, making them genuinely unclear.

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    Set-theoretic indeterminacy(what Shapiro claims explains AC-independence)
    A genuine lack of determinedness or definiteness in the basic mathematical objects (sets) themselves, not just in how we talk about them.
    Shapiro(The statement refers to her specific theoretical requirements)
    A philosopher (Laurie Shapiro) who studies the philosophy of mind and cognitive science; she has argued specific criteria for when we should consider something a real scientific category.
    domain(Both f1 and f2 have the reals as their domain)
    The set of input values over which a function is defined.
    metatheoretic(Used to characterize the role of logical semantics)
    Providing a framework for theorizing about the relationship between symbols (used externally in language and internally in thought) and the world, rather than positing cognitive entities for computational manipulation
    power set(Used in Cantor's theorem: every set has cardinality strictly less than its power set.)
    The set of all subsets of a given set.
    semantics(Distinguished from metasemantics and pragmatics in Kaplan 1989)
    The domain that concerns the facts about what meanings words or phrases have.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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