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    Since the hard cases—indexicality, vagueness, metaphor—re... — Carmelics
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    Supports→One may be pessimistic about the prospects of foundational theories of meaning due to the underdevelopment of natural language semantics

    Since the hard cases—indexicality, vagueness, metaphor—remain formally intractable, the semantic facts most in need of foundational explanation are precisely those least illuminated.

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    Key Terms

    Formally intractable(as used in logic and philosophy)
    Problems that are impossible or extremely difficult to solve using formal logic and mathematical methods, no matter how hard you try.
    Foundational explanation(epistemology)
    An explanation that starts from basic, fundamental building blocks rather than assuming other things are already understood—like building a house from the ground up instead of starting from the roof.
    Semantic facts(what classical semantics posits)
    Facts about what words and sentences actually mean or refer to in the world.
    indexicality(Proposed as an alternative explanation to lexical ambiguity for modals and anaphora.)
    A property of expressions whose reference or interpretation is determined by features of the context of utterance rather than by a fixed, stable meaning; contrasted with ambiguity.

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    metaphor(Ricoeur's account, contrasted with the substitution-of-names view)
    A peculiar predication consisting in the attribution to logical subjects of predicates that are incompossible with them
    vagueness(Example: 'materially adverse change' in In re Carter's Claim (1957))
    Imprecision in terms whose application admits of borderline cases.

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    Philosophy of Language1 linkedSkepticism1 linked

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    One may be pessimistic about the prospects of foundational theories of meaning d...

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