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It is not the case that Social duties arise exclusively from voluntary covenant, not from innate disposition or cosmic function, making them contingent rather than natural.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Children and the cognitively disabled have social duties despite never voluntarily covenanting—covenant theory cannot account for this.
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2.
Pure voluntarism paradoxically requires a prior duty to honor covenants, suggesting duties cannot be exclusively contractual.
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3.
Humans exhibit universal cooperative instincts and reciprocal altruism across all societies, suggesting innate moral foundations.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Pre-social humans lack moral obligations; duties emerge only when individuals explicitly agree to social contracts.
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2.
Natural law theories cannot explain why duties vary radically across cultures and historical periods.
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3.
Grounding duties in voluntary consent respects individual autonomy better than imposing duties via nature or cosmos.
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