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    Some structure is logically necessary (e.g., crisis requi... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Kuhn conflates historical contingency with logical necessity, falsely presenting paradigm collapse as structurally predetermined rather than sociologically accidental.

    Some structure is logically necessary (e.g., crisis requires anomalies; new paradigm must solve old problems)—distinguishing contingent triggers from necessary structural conditions isn't conflation.

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    Key Terms

    Conflation(as the logical error the Tiantai argument makes)
    Mistakenly treating two different things as if they were the same thing.
    Paradigm(Kuhn's philosophy of science; reflects the role of conceptual frameworks in mediating the relationship between theory and evidence.)
    A governing framework or model for a scientific community that is not automatically rejected by refractory evidence but is abandoned only when an alternative paradigm comes to seem preferable.
    Structural conditions(Modern conception of mathematical theories, illustrated by Dedekind 1888)
    General conditions characterizing mathematical theories that might be had in common by any number of different ordered domains.
    anomalies(Kuhnian philosophy of science)
    Puzzles accumulated during normal science that cannot be solved with the resources of the current paradigm.

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    contingent(De Interpretatione 12–13)
    Equated with 'possible'; on the two-sided interpretation, contingency excludes necessity (possibility implies non-necessity).
    logically necessary(Distinguished from metaphysical necessity in Swinburne's argument)
    That which could not fail to exist or be true; its non-existence or falsehood would be a logical contradiction
    triggers(contrasting with necessary structural causes)
    Events or factors that set something off or cause it to happen, but aren't necessarily the deep reason it occurs.

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