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    Stalnaker (1998) demonstrates that common knowledge of ra... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→It cannot be common knowledge among A and B at state w that both A and B are substantively rational

    Stalnaker (1998) demonstrates that common knowledge of rationality is consistent with non-backward-induction play when rationality is construed as belief-relative rather than strategy-profile-relative.

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    Key Terms

    Belief-relative(in analyzing rational behavior)
    Judging something based on what a person actually believes, rather than what is objectively true.
    Stalnaker
    Robert Stalnaker is an influential American philosopher who developed a theory of conditionals (if-then statements) and possible worlds. His work explains how we understand counterfactual statements like "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test" by imagining alternative scenarios or "possible worlds." Stalnaker's ideas have shaped how philosophers think about meaning, belief, and how language connects to reality.
    Strategy-profile-relative(in game theory)
    Judging something based on the complete plan of actions that everyone in a situation is following, rather than on individual beliefs.
    backward induction(Game theory solution concept applied to sequential games)
    A method of solving extensive-form games by reasoning from terminal nodes backward to earlier decision nodes, determining optimal play at each node given optimal play at all subsequent nodes

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    common knowledge(Condition for the formation of a joint commitment)
    A state in which each party knows the relevant fact, knows that the others know it, and so on — used here as the threshold condition for a joint commitment coming into force.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
    rationality(Traditional conception being challenged by epistemic relativists)
    A cognitive virtue and hallmark of the scientific method, intimately tied to requirements of consistency, justification, warrant, and evidence for beliefs.

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