Standard probability formalism assumes domain elements are defined independently; when context determines both what questions are meaningful and their answers, this foundational assumption fails.

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Defined independently(as an assumption about how domain elements work): Treated as if each thing is separate and unaffected by the others; their properties don't change based on what else is happening.
Domain elements(as the basic building blocks in a probability system): The individual things or possibilities you're studying—like different outcomes in an experiment, or different items in a group.
Foundational assumption(as the underlying premise of predicative analysis): A basic belief or starting point that an entire theory or argument is built on; if the foundational assumption is wrong, the whole theory becomes questionable.
Standard probability formalism(as the foundational system being critiqued): The mathematical rules and notation that scientists and mathematicians use to calculate how likely something is to happen; it's the official 'language' of probability theory.

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