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    Inverse View

    It is not the case that Stoic epistemology distinguishes commemorative signs (recalling co-observed phenomena) from indicative signs (revealing what is never directly observable), as Sextus Empiricus documents in Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.

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    Reasons For

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    Reason for
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    • 1.Sextus reports Stoic views as a skeptical critic, not advocate—his documentation may conflate, distort, or oversimplify the original Stoic position.
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    • 2.The commemorative/indicative boundary is philosophically unstable: any indicative sign must rely on prior observation, making the distinction less clean than claimed.
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    • 3.Primary Stoic texts are lost; we cannot verify whether this sign taxonomy was emphasized doctrine or incidental logical categorization Stoics themselves downplayed.
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    Reasons Against

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    Reason against
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    • 1.Sextus Empiricus explicitly discusses Stoic sign theory in PH II.100-110, confirming the commemorative/indicative distinction existed in Stoic thought.
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    • 2.The distinction solves a real epistemological problem: explaining how we know unobservables (like internal causes) without abandoning empirical grounding.
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    • 3.This framework appears consistently across multiple Stoic sources (Diogenes Laërtius, Cicero), suggesting it was core doctrine rather than marginal view.
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