Syllogistic validity preserves truth only if the inference rules themselves are truth-preserving, which cannot be established without circularity (Carroll's 'What the Tortoise Said to Achilles').

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Carroll, Lewis(as a historical figure): A 19th-century English writer and mathematician (famous for 'Alice in Wonderland') who also wrote philosophical works exploring the puzzles and limits of logic.
Circularity (or circular reasoning)(describing a flaw in the logic used to identify Dicaearchus as an author): When an argument uses its own conclusion as proof, like saying 'this book is true because the book says so'—it goes in circles instead of proving anything new.
Syllogistic validity(What Scotus claimed we know in a self-evident way): A way of checking if a logical argument is correct by following strict rules about how three related statements connect (like 'All humans are mortal, Socrates is human, therefore Socrates is mortal').
What the Tortoise Said to Achilles(as a philosophical thought experiment): A famous short dialogue by Lewis Carroll that uses a conversation between a tortoise and Achilles (from Greek mythology) to show how logical arguments can seem to loop forever without reaching a conclusion, raising questions about how logic actually works.

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