- Functional failure(as an alternative type of pathology)
- When something (like a part of the brain or mind) isn't working the way it's supposed to work, even if there's no visible physical damage.
- Medical model(as the approach being criticized)
- The idea that mental or behavioral problems should be treated like physical diseases—something broken in the body or brain that doctors can fix with medicine or treatment.
- Representational failure(as another alternative type of pathology)
- When the mind fails to accurately represent or reflect reality—basically, when your thoughts or perceptions don't match what's actually true.
- Structural pathology(as one type of pathology the medical model relies on)
- A disease or problem that shows up as actual physical damage or abnormality in the body or brain that you could see under a microscope or on a scan.
- Szasz(as a philosopher/psychiatrist critiquing the medical model)
- Thomas Szasz was a psychiatrist who argued that mental illness isn't a real medical disease but rather a social label we use to control people who don't fit social norms.
- Value-free(as a characteristic the medical model claims to have)
- An approach that tries to describe facts without judging them as good or bad, right or wrong—just stating what is objectively true.
- Wakefield(as the subject of critique in this statement)
- Jerome Wakefield is a philosopher who developed an influential theory about what makes something a mental disorder, arguing it involves both a harmful condition and a failure of natural biological functions.
- normative force(Used to describe what Korsgaard's account aims to explain)
- The property in virtue of which an agent's reasons are binding on the agent.