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    Testimony-based knowledge, as Coady demonstrates, is epis... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Certainty is only achievable through the mind reflecting on the content of its own thoughts, not through the opinions of others.

    Testimony-based knowledge, as Coady demonstrates, is epistemically primitive: most of what individuals count as certain they have never personally verified through private reflection.

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    Key Terms

    Coady(as the originator of the neo-Reidian argument)
    C. A. J. Coady is a contemporary philosopher who studies how we know things, especially through what other people tell us.
    Epistemically primitive(describing the foundational nature of testimony-based knowledge)
    Something that is basic and fundamental to how we gain knowledge, rather than being built up from simpler parts.
    Private reflection(contrasted with knowledge that comes from testimony)
    Personal thinking or reasoning that you do on your own, without relying on what others have told you.
    Testimony-based knowledge(the main subject of the statement)
    Knowledge or information you gain by believing and trusting what other people tell you, rather than figuring it out yourself.
    epistemology

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    (Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
    A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedSkepticism1 linked

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    Certainty is only achievable through the mind reflecting on the content of its o...

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