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    The absence of strong completeness is a feature shared by... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→PDL's calculus is sound and complete only in the weak sense.

    The absence of strong completeness is a feature shared by virtually all normal modal logics with the Barcan formula or analogous infinitary commitments, not a deficiency unique to PDL.

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    Key Terms

    Infinitary commitments(similar to the Barcan formula in causing this logical feature)
    Logical rules or principles that involve infinity in some way—like allowing infinite lists or infinite complexity in what you can express.
    Modal logic(logic)
    A system of logic that deals with concepts like possibility, necessity, and what could or must be true.
    Normal modal logics(the broader category of systems being discussed)
    A standard family of logical systems that follow certain basic rules about possibility and necessity, used as a starting point for more complex modal reasoning.
    PDL(as used in logic and computer science)
    Short for Propositional Dynamic Logic, a system for reasoning about what happens when programs run and what states they reach.
    Strong completeness

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    (Distinguished from weak completeness, which only concerns tautologies)
    If φ is a semantic consequence of Γ (Γ ⊨ φ), then φ is provable from Γ (Γ ⊢ φ)
    The Barcan formula(an example of what causes the absence of strong completeness)
    A rule in modal logic (named after philosopher Ruth Barcan Marcus) that says if something possibly exists, then it's possible that something exists—it deals with how existence and possibility interact.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    PDL's calculus is sound and complete only in the weak sense.

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