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    The argument wrongly assumes that inability to produce wi... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The First must be able to produce at least one first effect without an instrument or material substrate

    The argument wrongly assumes that inability to produce without a substrate entails total causal impotence, but a being can be the highest causal principle within a necessarily co-eternal material order, as Aristotle's unmoved mover suggests.

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    Key Terms

    Aristotle
    Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived over 2,000 years ago and is one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He studied nearly every subject—from animals and plants to politics and ethics—and developed practical ways of thinking that shaped how people understand the world. His ideas on logic, nature, and how to live a good life are still taught and debated today because he focused on observing the real world rather than just abstract theories.
    Causal Principle(Used as a foundational premise in deductive cosmological arguments for the existence of God)
    The general metaphysical principle that every event or contingent thing has a cause, which underlies the deductive cosmological argument
    Causal impotence(as used in metaphysics)
    The inability to cause or make anything happen; being completely powerless to affect the world.
    Necessarily co-eternal(as used in metaphysics)
    Existing together forever as an unavoidable fact—neither one can exist without the other, and both have always existed.

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    Substrate(as the underlying physical foundation being discussed)
    The physical stuff or material that something is made of or runs on; in this case, the brain as the physical basis for mental states.
    unmoved mover(Aristotle's Physics 8; Fârâbî holds there are many such movers, none of which is identical with God)
    An eternal cause of motion that is itself not moved, posited by Aristotle as the cause of eternal circular motions in the heavens

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    Natural Theology1 linkedDivine Attributes1 linked

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    The First must be able to produce at least one first effect without an instrumen...

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