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    The claim conflates metaphysical independence (causal cha... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Kripke and Devitt demonstrate that reference chains are sustained by causal-historical links independent of any spatio-temporal mapping.

    The claim conflates metaphysical independence (causal chains don't require spatio-temporal mapping for existence) with semantic independence (reference doesn't require it to be possible).

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    Key Terms

    Causal chains(as used in philosophy of causation)
    A sequence of events where each one is caused by the previous one, like dominoes falling in a line.
    Conflates(in argumentation and logic)
    Treats two different things as if they're the same thing, or mixes them up in a way that causes confusion.
    Metaphysical independence(as contrasted with semantic independence)
    The idea that something can exist or be real on its own, without needing something else to make it real.
    Semantic independence(as contrasted with metaphysical independence)
    The idea that words or concepts can have meaning and refer to things without needing certain conditions to be met (like being physically locatable).
    Spatio-temporal(describes the dimensions humans naturally use to understand reality)

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    Related to space (where things are located) and time (when things happen); the basic way humans experience and think about the world around them.
    metaphysical(Ayer's Logical Positivist usage)
    Language that purports to refer beyond the physical world and lacks empirical consequences, which Ayer classifies as not literally significant
    reference(Distinguished from intension in the context of possible worlds semantics)
    The actual-world referent of an expression; what the expression picks out in the actual world.
    semantic(describing the level of word meaning)
    Relating to the meaning of words and sentences.

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    Kripke and Devitt demonstrate that reference chains are sustained by causal-hist...

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    Kripke and Devitt demonstrate that reference chains are sustained by causal-hist...

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