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    The claim ignores recipient identity, yet actual altruism... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Multilevel selection theory (Sober & Wilson 1998) demonstrates that altruism can evolve when altruist-dense groups outcompete defector-dense groups, regardless of within-group recipient identity.

    The claim ignores recipient identity, yet actual altruism typically targets kin or reciprocal partners, suggesting individual-level mechanisms drive evolution, not group selection.

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    Key Terms

    Group selection(as used in philosophy of biology and evolutionary theory)
    An evolutionary theory suggesting that natural selection can act on entire groups or populations, not just on individual organisms competing with each other.
    Individual-level mechanisms(as used in evolutionary biology)
    Biological or behavioral forces that work on single organisms (rather than groups), explaining why they act the way they do.
    Kin(as used in biology and genetics)
    Blood relatives—family members who share your genes, like parents, siblings, and cousins.
    Reciprocal partners(as used in evolutionary biology)
    People you have a back-and-forth relationship with, where you help each other and expect similar help in return.
    altruism

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    (Evolutionary game theory)
    Any behaviour by an organism that decreases its own expected fitness in a single interaction but increases that of the other interactor

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    Multilevel selection theory (Sober & Wilson 1998) demonstrates that altruism can...

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    Multilevel selection theory (Sober & Wilson 1998) demonstrates that altruism can...

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