The distinction between contradiction-revealing and assumption-undermining thought experiments collapses, since exposing a contradiction just is undermining a foundational assumption.

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Foundational assumption(as the underlying premise of predicative analysis): A basic belief or starting point that an entire theory or argument is built on; if the foundational assumption is wrong, the whole theory becomes questionable.
Undermining (in philosophy)(as in 'assumption-undermining thought experiments'): Weakening or calling into question a belief by showing it rests on shaky ground or may not be true.
contradiction(Relevant to distinguishing contradictions from false contingent statements in the logic student variant of the preface paradox.): A statement that is necessarily false in all interpretations; in this context, specifically the negation of a tautology or any falsehood drawn from a list containing only tautologies and contradictions.
thought experiment(The sage's rhetorical device comprising two hypothetical situations about the ruler of India.): A hypothetical scenario constructed to test what would count as sufficient grounds for a conclusion, here used by the sage to probe the epistemic standards for belief in God.

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