The empirical distribution of suffering is inversely correlated with soul-making utility: those with fewest psychological and social resources to convert suffering into growth receive disproportionately severe suffering, which directly falsifies the theodicy's implied proportionality claim.
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(things that help people deal with and learn from suffering)
A person's mental tools and support system—like emotional coping skills, education, money, family support, and community connections that help them handle difficult situations.
soul-making utility(a religious/philosophical idea that hardship builds character)
The idea that suffering can be useful or valuable because it helps a person grow, learn, and develop their character and wisdom.
theodicy(Central concern of Plutarch's era)
The philosophical problem of reconciling the existence of evil and unpunished wrongdoing with the existence and goodness of divine providence.