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    Carmelics

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    It is not the case that The existence of non-standard models is a semantic fact about model theory, but the incompleteness theorems are syntactic results about provability within formal systems.

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    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
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    • 1.Non-standard models are proved to exist using semantic completeness theorems, which are ultimately metatheoretic and proof-based, not purely semantic.
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    • 2.Incompleteness theorems depend on semantic facts: unprovable sentences are unprovable *yet true in the standard model*, mixing syntax and semantics.
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    • 3.The syntax/semantics distinction is itself problematic—both domains use formal proofs in metatheory, so calling one 'syntactic' and one 'semantic' is misleading.
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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
    ?
    • 1.Non-standard models are identified through semantic properties (satisfying the same sentences), making their existence fundamentally a semantic question.
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    • 2.Incompleteness theorems prove syntactic facts: unprovable sentences exist within formal systems, regardless of semantic interpretation.
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    • 3.The distinction between syntax and semantics maps cleanly onto these results: model theory studies what sentences satisfy, proof theory studies what derives.
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