- Cartesian
- # Cartesian
"Cartesian" refers to a system of organizing space using perpendicular lines or axes (usually labeled x, y, and z) that intersect at a point called the origin, allowing you to pinpoint any location using numbers called coordinates. The term comes from René Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician who developed this method as a way to bridge geometry and algebra. You use it every day without thinking about it—GPS coordinates, video game graphics, and even spreadsheet cells all rely on this Cartesian coordinate system.
- Conceptual clarity(another foundational requirement for reasoning)
- Having a clear, precise understanding of what words and ideas actually mean, so there's no confusion or vagueness.
- Epistemic commitments(describing the foundational assumptions required for logical reasoning)
- The basic beliefs or assumptions we have to accept in order to think and reason at all—things we're essentially committed to believing.
- Standards of certainty(the philosophical benchmarks the global skeptic is accused of assuming)
- The criteria or rules we use to decide whether we can be absolutely sure about something—basically, how confident must we be before we claim to 'know' something?
- begs the question(Informal fallacy in epistemic justification)
- A circular argument in which warrant for the premises already presupposes the truth of the conclusion
- global skeptic(The figure whose challenge traditional epistemology attempts to answer)
- A philosophical position that denies we have any knowledge at all, demanding justification that does not presuppose any prior knowledge
- logical inference(Poincaré's critique of logical inference in mathematical proof)
- A topic-neutral inference from proposition p to proposition q, where in Tarski's conception every model of p is a model of q