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    The historical prevalence of non-transitive causal ontolo... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The Naiyāyika third clause blocks causal transitivity, suggesting the Naiyāyikas are defining causal salience rather than causality per se.

    The historical prevalence of non-transitive causal ontologies across traditions suggests transitivity is a contested norm, not the criterion distinguishing metaphysical from epistemic causation.

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    Key Terms

    Causal ontology(as used in metaphysics)
    A theory about what kinds of things actually exist in the world when we're talking about causes and effects.
    Epistemic causation(as used in epistemology)
    Causation understood in terms of how we know or understand things—focusing on evidence and reasoning rather than reality itself.
    Metaphysical causation(as used in metaphysics)
    Causation understood as a real, fundamental feature of how reality actually works—not just how we observe or think about it.
    Non-transitive(describing how similarities work in family resemblance)
    A logical property where if A is related to B, and B is related to C, it doesn't automatically mean A is related to C; for example, 'is a friend of' is non-transitive because your friend's friend isn't necessarily your friend.

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    Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake)
    The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
    epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
    A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
    transitivity(Applied to the temporal relation 'earlier than' on a set of worlds W)
    A property of a relation R such that if wRv and vRu, then wRu

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedCausation1 linked

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    The Naiyāyika third clause blocks causal transitivity, suggesting the Naiyāyikas...

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