The historical proximity and intellectual exchange between Ionian thinkers supports Alcmaeon absorbing Xenophanes' epistemological framework more plausibly than distant Pythagorean influence.

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Alcmaeon: Alcmaeon was an ancient Greek philosopher and early scientist from around 500 BCE who is famous for being one of the first people to perform dissections on animals to understand how the body works. He made important discoveries about the brain, nerves, and sensory organs, and he argued that the brain—not the heart—is the center of thought and sensation, which was a revolutionary idea at the time. He matters because he helped establish the practice of using observation and experimentation to understand nature, laying early groundwork for what would become the scientific method.
Epistemological framework(as used in philosophy): A basic system of beliefs about what counts as knowledge and how we can know things—basically, the rules a culture uses to figure out what's true.
Ionian thinkers(as a historical group of early philosophers): Ancient Greek philosophers from Ionia (the coast of modern-day Turkey) who lived around 600-400 BCE and were among the first people in history to try explaining nature using reason and observation instead of just myths.
Pythagorean influence

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