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    The inference from 'present in all observed instances' to... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Expressiveness is a necessary, if not sufficient, condition for dance as art

    The inference from 'present in all observed instances' to 'necessary condition' commits the same error Wittgenstein diagnosed in essentialist accounts of games.

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    Reasons For

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    • 1.Wittgenstein showed that universal presence across cases doesn't establish shared essence; games lack common features yet remain games.
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    • 2.Inferring necessity from observation assumes the sample exhausts all possible cases, but we can't observe counterfactuals or boundary conditions.
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    • 3.Family resemblance structures allow features present in all observed instances to be contingent rather than essential to category membership.
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    Reasons Against

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    • 1.Observable universality can indicate necessity without claiming essence; statistical regularity suffices for causal or functional necessity.
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    • 2.Wittgenstein's argument targets conceptual definitions, not empirical causal conditions—these require different logical structures entirely.
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    • 3.The claim equivocates between 'universal in observation' and 'presents as essential'; one is epistemic, the other metaphysical.
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    Related

    Expressiveness is a necessary, if not sufficient, condition for dance as artFamily resemblance structures allow features present in all observed instances t...Inferring necessity from observation assumes the sample exhausts all possible ca...Observable universality can indicate necessity without claiming essence; statist...
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    The claim equivocates between 'universal in observation' and 'presents as essent...Wittgenstein showed that universal presence across cases doesn't establish share...Wittgenstein's argument targets conceptual definitions, not empirical causal con...

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