The intuition that intervention is 'always possible' conflates epistemic access with metaphysical openness, a distinction Judea Pearl's interventionist framework explicitly marks via the do-calculus.
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do-calculus(as a method for analyzing causal relationships)
A set of mathematical rules that helps determine whether observing something is the same as actually causing it to happen. It's a toolkit for understanding real causation versus just correlation.
interventionist framework(the main approach being referenced)
A theory of causation that says X causes Y if changing X would change Y—basically, if you could intervene or experiment and flip a switch on X, would Y follow?
metaphysical(Ayer's Logical Positivist usage)
Language that purports to refer beyond the physical world and lacks empirical consequences, which Ayer classifies as not literally significant